????Proportion of Population ????There had been migrants flowing into the Shenzhen area since the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279 A.D.) and the number has been soaring after it was developed into a city. In Guangdong, it is the only city where Mandarin is the most popular language, thanks to its migrants from all over the country. By March 1979, the number of residents hit 314,100 in the area. The third national census in 1982 found the number reached 351,900, and most of the residents were Hakkas. The figure was 1.6674 million in the fourth national census in 1990 and reached 7.0088 million when the fifth census was made in 2000. ????At present, the average age in Shenzhen is less than 30. Among the total, 8.49 percent are below the age of 15, 88.41 percent between the age of 15 and 59, one-fifth from 20 to 24 and 1.22 percent are aged 65 or over. ????The population structure polarizes into two opposing extremes: densely populated intellectuals with a high level of education, and migrant workers with poor education. ????Population kept growing. By the end of 2004, there were 5.9755 million permanent residents. The birth rate of the officially registered permanent population was 11.58 percent, the death rate 1.37 percent, natural population growth rate 10.21 percent and birth control rate 98.7 percent. The average life expectancy was 76.71 years, higher than the average in some developed countries. ????Migrant Population ????Based on the fifth national census, Shenzhen had a migrant population of 5.77 million, 82.1 percent of the total. Among the migrant population, 1.6 percent were engaged in the first industry, 53.5 percent in secondary industry while 27.2 percent in the tertiary industry. ????Ethnic Groups ????Shenzhen, which only had a few ethnic minorities, has become a city with many ethnic groups.The population of minority nationalities was 224,688 in the 2000 fifth national census, 3.2 percent of the city's total. At that time, there were 54 ethnic groups in the city.After Beijing, Shenzhen has become China's second metropolitan inhabited by all of China's 56 minority nationalities. ????Income ????In 2004, Shenzhen's residents enjoyed improved salaries. The total salary and annual average salary of the working population was 41.928 billion yuan and 31.928 yuan, growing by 5.6 percent from the year 2003. Taking the price index into account, the actual growth rate increased by 4.2 percent. The average annual salary of employees in 2004 was 27,200 yuan, monthly 2,263 yuan, growing 6.59 percent over 2003. Salaries of employees with monopoly sectors such as finance, health, electricity and gas were relatively high. Auto repairers, animation makers and architecture designers saw their salaries climbed a lot in 2004. The service industry like catering and accommodation are low-income sectors, 26 times less in total salary. ????Consumption ????Residents' living standards improved steadily. According to a sample survey among 200 permanent urban families, the per capita disposable income of Shenzhen's urban families last year was 27,596 yuan, a 6.4 percent increase over 2003. Taking the price index into account, the actual growth rate was 5 percent. The per capita expenditure of Shenzhen urban families was 19,570 yuan, dropping 2 percent and 3.3 percent if the price index was taken into account. Expenditure patterns improved, as people focused on expensive commodities like housing and cars. ????Savings ????Shenzhen's per capita savings was 118 yuan in 1979. By the end of 2004, the city witnessed a total savings balance of 262.539 billion yuan in banks. ????Housing Area In 2004, Shenzhen's per capita housing area was 22.75 square meters. ????EmploymentShenzhen kept improving its employment service system. In the past five years, more than 70,000 unemployed people were reemployed, with the registered unemployment rate of urban families within 2.6 percent.By the end of 2004, the minimum salary of residents inside the special economic zone was 600 yuan per month while the figure was 465 yuan in Bao'an and Longgang districts. ????Social Insurance ????In 2004, the minimum living allowance inside the special economic zone was 344 yuan per month and 290 yuan outside the special economic zone. All permanent residents in Longgang and Bao'an were covered by social insurance, which was also expanded to more migrant workers. ????The number of people covered by pensions, basic medical care and employee annuity increased. By the end of 2004, the number of people receiving pensions reached 2.95 million and 1.28 million people were covered by unemployment insurance. ????Social Welfare ????The city has established a social welfare and aid network. Six districts have set up social welfare centers for the elderly and children and 18 townships have erected "Homes for the Elderly." There are more than 170,000 elderly people above 60. By the end of 2004, there were 26 social welfare institutions of all kinds, with 2,192 beds for the elderly or more than 3.4 beds for each 100 elderly people. Welfare institutions were set up in all sub-districts and districts. ????Legal Aid ????Each licensed lawyer in Shenzhen is obliged to deal with two legal aid cases each year in Shenzhen, which helps to raise their social responsibility and meet legal aid demands. Applicants must be Shenzhen permanent residents or having been lived here for more than one year, proven not to be able to afford charges and in need of legal aid, and have ample evidence to support their stands. In 2004, the city dealt with 3,978 legal aid cases and more than 50,000 consulting cases. ????Volunteers ????Shenzhen has more than 200 charity organizations, taking voluntary work institutions into account. More than 530,000 people are participating in voluntary work of different forms. Established in 1990, Shenzhen Volunteers' Association is the earliest voluntary work organization in China. The youngest member is only 14 years old and the oldest 78. They engage in more than 30 types of services in 16 categories. "Seeking volunteers' help when you are in trouble; doing voluntary work when you have time," have become a catchphrase of local people. | 